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Python 2021.02.28.beta28 documentation
Python 2021.02.28.beta28 documentation
  • Python 有什么新变化
    • Python 3.11有什么新变化
    • Python 3.10有什么新变化
    • Python 3.9有什么新变化
    • Python 3.8有什么新变化
    • Python 3.7有什么新变化
    • Python 3.6有什么新变化
    • Python 3.5有什么新变化
    • Python 3.4有什么新变化
    • Python 3.3有什么新变化
    • Python 3.2有什么新变化
    • Python 3.1有什么新变化
    • Python 3.0有什么新变化
    • Python 2.7有什么新变化
    • Python 2.6有什么新变化
    • Python 2.5有什么新变化
    • Python 2.4有什么新变化
    • Python 2.3有什么新变化
    • Python 2.2有什么新变化
    • Python 2.1有什么新变化
    • Python 2.0有什么新变化
    • 更新日志
  • Python 教程
    • 1. 课前甜点
    • 2. Python 解释器
    • 3. Python 速览
    • 4. 更多流程控制工具
    • 5. 数据结构
    • 6. 模块
    • 7. 输入输出
    • 8. Errors and Exceptions
    • 9. Classes
    • 10. 标准库简介
    • 11. 标准库简介 — 第二部分
    • 12. 虚拟环境及包
    • 13. What Now?
    • 14. Interactive Input Editing and History Substitution
    • 15. Floating Point Arithmetic: Issues and Limitations
    • 16. 附录
  • Python 安装和使用
    • 1. Command line and environment
    • 2. Using Python on Unix platforms
    • 3. 配置 Python
    • 4. 在 Widnows 上使用 Python
    • 5. Using Python on a Macintosh
    • 6. Editors and IDEs
  • Python 语言参考
    • 1. 概述
    • 2. 词法分析
    • 3. 数据模型
    • 4. 执行模型
    • 5. 导入系统
    • 6. 表达式
    • 7. 简单语句
    • 8. 符合语句
    • 9. 顶级组件
    • 10. Full Grammar specification
  • Python 标准库
    • Introduction
    • Built-in Functions
    • Built-in Constants
    • Built-in Types
    • Built-in Exceptions
    • Text Processing Services
      • string — Common string operations
      • re — Regular expression operations
      • difflib — Helpers for computing deltas
      • textwrap — Text wrapping and filling
      • unicodedata — Unicode Database
      • stringprep — Internet String Preparation
      • readline — GNU readline interface
      • rlcompleter — Completion function for GNU readline
    • Binary Data Services
      • struct — Interpret bytes as packed binary data
      • codecs — Codec registry and base classes
    • Data Types
      • datetime — Basic date and time types
      • zoneinfo — IANA time zone support
      • calendar — General calendar-related functions
      • collections — Container datatypes
      • collections.abc — Abstract Base Classes for Containers
      • heapq — Heap queue algorithm
      • bisect — Array bisection algorithm
      • array — Efficient arrays of numeric values
      • weakref — Weak references
      • types — Dynamic type creation and names for built-in types
      • copy — Shallow and deep copy operations
      • pprint — Data pretty printer
      • reprlib — Alternate repr() implementation
      • enum — Support for enumerations
      • graphlib — Functionality to operate with graph-like structures
    • Numeric and Mathematical Modules
      • numbers — Numeric abstract base classes
      • math — Mathematical functions
      • cmath — Mathematical functions for complex numbers
      • decimal — Decimal fixed point and floating point arithmetic
      • fractions — Rational numbers
      • random — Generate pseudo-random numbers
      • statistics — Mathematical statistics functions
    • Functional Programming Modules
      • itertools — Functions creating iterators for efficient looping
      • functools — Higher-order functions and operations on callable objects
      • operator — Standard operators as functions
    • File and Directory Access
      • pathlib — Object-oriented filesystem paths
      • os.path — Common pathname manipulations
      • fileinput — Iterate over lines from multiple input streams
      • stat — Interpreting stat() results
      • filecmp — File and Directory Comparisons
      • tempfile — Generate temporary files and directories
      • glob — Unix style pathname pattern expansion
      • fnmatch — Unix filename pattern matching
      • linecache — Random access to text lines
      • shutil — High-level file operations
    • Data Persistence
      • pickle — Python object serialization
      • copyreg — Register pickle support functions
      • shelve — Python object persistence
      • marshal — Internal Python object serialization
      • dbm — Interfaces to Unix “databases”
      • sqlite3 — DB-API 2.0 interface for SQLite databases
    • Data Compression and Archiving
      • zlib — Compression compatible with gzip
      • gzip — Support for gzip files
      • bz2 — Support for bzip2 compression
      • lzma — Compression using the LZMA algorithm
      • zipfile — Work with ZIP archives
      • tarfile — Read and write tar archive files
    • File Formats
      • csv — CSV File Reading and Writing
      • configparser — Configuration file parser
      • netrc — netrc file processing
      • xdrlib — Encode and decode XDR data
      • plistlib — Generate and parse Apple .plist files
    • Cryptographic Services
      • hashlib — Secure hashes and message digests
      • hmac — Keyed-Hashing for Message Authentication
      • secrets — Generate secure random numbers for managing secrets
    • Generic Operating System Services
      • os — Miscellaneous operating system interfaces
      • io — Core tools for working with streams
      • time — Time access and conversions
      • argparse — Parser for command-line options, arguments and sub-commands
      • getopt — C-style parser for command line options
      • logging — Logging facility for Python
      • logging.config — Logging configuration
      • logging.handlers — Logging handlers
      • getpass — Portable password input
      • curses — Terminal handling for character-cell displays
      • curses.textpad — Text input widget for curses programs
      • curses.ascii — Utilities for ASCII characters
      • curses.panel — A panel stack extension for curses
      • platform — Access to underlying platform’s identifying data
      • errno — Standard errno system symbols
      • ctypes — A foreign function library for Python
    • Concurrent Execution
      • threading — Thread-based parallelism
      • multiprocessing — Process-based parallelism
      • multiprocessing.shared_memory — Provides shared memory for direct access across processes
      • The concurrent package
      • concurrent.futures — Launching parallel tasks
      • subprocess — Subprocess management
      • sched — Event scheduler
      • queue — A synchronized queue class
      • contextvars — Context Variables
      • _thread — Low-level threading API
    • Networking and Interprocess Communication
      • asyncio — Asynchronous I/O
        • Coroutines and Tasks
        • Streams
        • Synchronization Primitives
        • Subprocesses
        • Queues
        • Exceptions
        • Event Loop
        • Futures
        • Transports and Protocols
        • Policies
        • Platform Support
        • High-level API Index
        • Low-level API Index
        • Developing with asyncio
      • socket — Low-level networking interface
      • ssl — TLS/SSL wrapper for socket objects
      • select — Waiting for I/O completion
      • selectors — High-level I/O multiplexing
      • asyncore — Asynchronous socket handler
      • asynchat — Asynchronous socket command/response handler
      • signal — Set handlers for asynchronous events
      • mmap — Memory-mapped file support
    • Internet Data Handling
      • email — An email and MIME handling package
        • email.message: Representing an email message
        • email.parser: Parsing email messages
        • email.generator: Generating MIME documents
        • email.policy: Policy Objects
        • email.errors: Exception and Defect classes
        • email.headerregistry: Custom Header Objects
        • email.contentmanager: Managing MIME Content
        • email: Examples
        • email.message.Message: Representing an email message using the compat32 API
        • email.mime: Creating email and MIME objects from scratch
        • email.header: Internationalized headers
        • email.charset: Representing character sets
        • email.encoders: Encoders
        • email.utils: Miscellaneous utilities
        • email.iterators: Iterators
      • json — JSON encoder and decoder
      • mailcap — Mailcap file handling
      • mailbox — Manipulate mailboxes in various formats
      • mimetypes — Map filenames to MIME types
      • base64 — Base16, Base32, Base64, Base85 Data Encodings
      • binhex — Encode and decode binhex4 files
      • binascii — Convert between binary and ASCII
      • quopri — Encode and decode MIME quoted-printable data
      • uu — Encode and decode uuencode files
    • Structured Markup Processing Tools
      • html — HyperText Markup Language support
      • html.parser — Simple HTML and XHTML parser
      • html.entities — Definitions of HTML general entities
      • XML Processing Modules
      • xml.etree.ElementTree — The ElementTree XML API
      • xml.dom — The Document Object Model API
      • xml.dom.minidom — Minimal DOM implementation
      • xml.dom.pulldom — Support for building partial DOM trees
      • xml.sax — Support for SAX2 parsers
      • xml.sax.handler — Base classes for SAX handlers
      • xml.sax.saxutils — SAX Utilities
      • xml.sax.xmlreader — Interface for XML parsers
      • xml.parsers.expat — Fast XML parsing using Expat
    • Internet Protocols and Support
      • webbrowser — Convenient web-browser controller
      • cgi — Common Gateway Interface support
      • cgitb — Traceback manager for CGI scripts
      • wsgiref — WSGI Utilities and Reference Implementation
      • urllib — URL handling modules
      • urllib.request — Extensible library for opening URLs
      • urllib.response — Response classes used by urllib
      • urllib.parse — Parse URLs into components
      • urllib.error — Exception classes raised by urllib.request
      • urllib.robotparser — Parser for robots.txt
      • http — HTTP modules
      • http.client — HTTP protocol client
      • ftplib — FTP protocol client
      • poplib — POP3 protocol client
      • imaplib — IMAP4 protocol client
      • nntplib — NNTP protocol client
      • smtplib — SMTP protocol client
      • smtpd — SMTP Server
      • telnetlib — Telnet client
      • uuid — UUID objects according to RFC 4122
      • socketserver — A framework for network servers
      • http.server — HTTP servers
      • http.cookies — HTTP state management
      • http.cookiejar — Cookie handling for HTTP clients
      • xmlrpc — XMLRPC server and client modules
      • xmlrpc.client — XML-RPC client access
      • xmlrpc.server — Basic XML-RPC servers
      • ipaddress — IPv4/IPv6 manipulation library
    • Multimedia Services
      • audioop — Manipulate raw audio data
      • aifc — Read and write AIFF and AIFC files
      • sunau — Read and write Sun AU files
      • wave — Read and write WAV files
      • chunk — Read IFF chunked data
      • colorsys — Conversions between color systems
      • imghdr — Determine the type of an image
      • sndhdr — Determine type of sound file
      • ossaudiodev — Access to OSS-compatible audio devices
    • Internationalization
      • gettext — Multilingual internationalization services
      • locale — Internationalization services
    • Program Frameworks
      • turtle — Turtle graphics
      • cmd — Support for line-oriented command interpreters
      • shlex — Simple lexical analysis
    • Graphical User Interfaces with Tk
      • tkinter — Python interface to Tcl/Tk
      • tkinter.colorchooser — Color choosing dialog
      • tkinter.font — Tkinter font wrapper
      • Tkinter Dialogs
      • tkinter.messagebox — Tkinter message prompts
      • tkinter.scrolledtext — Scrolled Text Widget
      • tkinter.dnd — Drag and drop support
      • tkinter.ttk — Tk themed widgets
      • tkinter.tix — Extension widgets for Tk
      • IDLE
      • Other Graphical User Interface Packages
    • Development Tools
      • typing — Support for type hints
      • pydoc — Documentation generator and online help system
      • Python Development Mode
      • Effects of the Python Development Mode
      • ResourceWarning Example
      • Bad file descriptor error example
      • doctest — Test interactive Python examples
      • unittest — Unit testing framework
      • unittest.mock — mock object library
      • unittest.mock — getting started
      • 2to3 - Automated Python 2 to 3 code translation
      • test — Regression tests package for Python
      • test.support — Utilities for the Python test suite
      • test.support.socket_helper — Utilities for socket tests
      • test.support.script_helper — Utilities for the Python execution tests
      • test.support.bytecode_helper — Support tools for testing correct bytecode generation
      • test.support.threading_helper — Utilities for threading tests
      • test.support.os_helper — Utilities for os tests
      • test.support.import_helper — Utilities for import tests
      • test.support.warnings_helper — Utilities for warnings tests
    • Debugging and Profiling
      • Audit events table
      • bdb — Debugger framework
      • faulthandler — Dump the Python traceback
      • pdb — The Python Debugger
      • The Python Profilers
      • timeit — Measure execution time of small code snippets
      • trace — Trace or track Python statement execution
      • tracemalloc — Trace memory allocations
    • Software Packaging and Distribution
      • distutils — Building and installing Python modules
      • ensurepip — Bootstrapping the pip installer
      • venv — Creation of virtual environments
      • zipapp — Manage executable Python zip archives
    • Python Runtime Services
      • sys — System-specific parameters and functions
      • sysconfig — Provide access to Python’s configuration information
      • builtins — Built-in objects
      • __main__ — Top-level script environment
      • warnings — Warning control
      • dataclasses — Data Classes
      • contextlib — Utilities for with-statement contexts
      • abc — Abstract Base Classes
      • atexit — Exit handlers
      • traceback — Print or retrieve a stack traceback
      • __future__ — Future statement definitions
      • gc — Garbage Collector interface
      • inspect — Inspect live objects
      • site — Site-specific configuration hook
    • Custom Python Interpreters
      • code — Interpreter base classes
      • codeop — Compile Python code
    • Importing Modules
      • zipimport — Import modules from Zip archives
      • pkgutil — Package extension utility
      • modulefinder — Find modules used by a script
      • runpy — Locating and executing Python modules
      • importlib — The implementation of import
      • Using importlib.metadata
    • Python Language Services
      • ast — Abstract Syntax Trees
      • symtable — Access to the compiler’s symbol tables
      • token — Constants used with Python parse trees
      • keyword — Testing for Python keywords
      • tokenize — Tokenizer for Python source
      • tabnanny — Detection of ambiguous indentation
      • pyclbr — Python module browser support
      • py_compile — Compile Python source files
      • compileall — Byte-compile Python libraries
      • dis — Disassembler for Python bytecode
      • pickletools — Tools for pickle developers
    • MS Windows Specific Services
      • msilib — Read and write Microsoft Installer files
      • msvcrt — Useful routines from the MS VC++ runtime
      • winreg — Windows registry access
      • winsound — Sound-playing interface for Windows
    • Unix Specific Services
      • posix — The most common POSIX system calls
      • pwd — The password database
      • spwd — The shadow password database
      • grp — The group database
      • crypt — Function to check Unix passwords
      • termios — POSIX style tty control
      • tty — Terminal control functions
      • pty — Pseudo-terminal utilities
      • fcntl — The fcntl and ioctl system calls
      • pipes — Interface to shell pipelines
      • resource — Resource usage information
      • nis — Interface to Sun’s NIS (Yellow Pages)
      • syslog — Unix syslog library routines
    • Superseded Modules
      • optparse — Parser for command line options
      • imp — Access the import internals
    • Undocumented Modules
    • Security Considerations
  • 扩展和嵌入 Python 解释器
    • 1. 使用 C 或 C++ 扩展 Python
    • 2. 定义扩展类型: 培训
    • 3. Defining Extension Types: Assorted Topics
    • 4. 构建 C and C++ 扩展
    • 5. 在Window 构建 C 和 C++ 扩展
    • 1. Embedding Python in Another Application
  • Python/C API 接口手册
    • Introduction
    • C API Stability
    • The Very High Level Layer
    • Reference Counting
    • Exception Handling
    • Utilities
      • Operating System Utilities
      • System Functions
      • Process Control
      • Importing Modules
      • Data marshalling support
      • Parsing arguments and building values
      • String conversion and formatting
      • Reflection
      • Codec registry and support functions
    • Abstract Objects Layer
      • Object Protocol
      • Call Protocol
      • Number Protocol
      • Sequence Protocol
      • Mapping Protocol
      • Iterator Protocol
      • Buffer Protocol
      • Old Buffer Protocol
    • Concrete Objects Layer
      • Type Objects
      • The None Object
      • Integer Objects
      • Boolean Objects
      • Floating Point Objects
      • Complex Number Objects
      • Bytes Objects
      • Byte Array Objects
      • Unicode Objects and Codecs
      • Tuple Objects
      • Struct Sequence Objects
      • List Objects
      • Dictionary Objects
      • Set Objects
      • Function Objects
      • Instance Method Objects
      • Method Objects
      • Cell Objects
      • Code Objects
      • File Objects
      • Module Objects
      • Iterator Objects
      • Descriptor Objects
      • Slice Objects
      • Ellipsis Object
      • MemoryView objects
      • Weak Reference Objects
      • Capsules
      • Generator Objects
      • Coroutine Objects
      • Context Variables Objects
      • DateTime Objects
      • Objects for Type Hinting
    • Initialization, Finalization, and Threads
    • Python Initialization Configuration
    • Memory Management
    • Object Implementation Support
      • Allocating Objects on the Heap
      • Common Object Structures
      • Type Objects
      • Number Object Structures
      • Mapping Object Structures
      • Sequence Object Structures
      • Buffer Object Structures
      • Async Object Structures
      • Slot Type typedefs
      • Examples
      • Supporting Cyclic Garbage Collection
    • API and ABI Versioning
  • 分发 Python 模块
  • 安装Python模块
  • Python 操作指南
    • Python 2 代码转成 Python 3
    • Porting Extension Modules to Python 3
    • Curses Programming with Python
    • Descriptor HowTo Guide
    • Enum HOWTO
    • Functional Programming HOWTO
    • 日志开胃菜
    • 日志手册
    • 正则表达式开胃菜
    • Socket 编程开胃菜
    • Sorting HOW TO
    • Unicode HOWTO
    • HOWTO Fetch Internet Resources Using The urllib Package
    • Argparse Tutorial
    • ipaddress 模块介绍
    • Argument Clinic How-To
    • Instrumenting CPython with DTrace and SystemTap
    • Annotations Best Practices
  • Python 常见问题
    • 一般Python 问答
    • 编程问答
    • 设计与历史问答
    • 库和扩展问答
    • Extending/Embedding FAQ
    • Windows上Python问答
    • 图形用户界面问答
    • “为什么Python已经安装在我的电脑里?” 问答
  • 术语对照表
  • 关于这些文档
  • 解决 Bug
  • 版权
  • 历史和许可证
  • 分发 Python 模块（旧版）
    • 1. 关于Distutils的介绍
    • 2. 写安装脚本
    • 3. Writing the Setup Configuration File
    • 4. 创建源码发布
    • 5. Creating Built Distributions
    • 6. Distutils Examples
    • 7. 扩展Distutils
    • 8. Command Reference
    • 9. API参考
  • 安装Python模块（旧版）

Python 常见问题¶

  • 一般Python 问答
  • 编程问答
  • 设计与历史问答
  • 库和扩展问答
  • Extending/Embedding FAQ
  • Windows上Python问答
  • 图形用户界面问答
  • “为什么Python已经安装在我的电脑里?” 问答
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